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Published on May 16, 2025 by Kelly Walker

Green Bonds Explained: Invest in Eco-Friendly Projects

An organization issues a green bond to finance or refinance environmental or climate-friendly projects. Green bonds fund , also known as climate bonds, are a popular way for investors to align their financial goals with their principles and contribute to positive change as the world addresses climate change and other environmental issues. Green bonds are fixed-income investments that fund ecological projects. Like standard bonds, climate bonds guarantee the financing or refinancing of sustainable bond funds in part or whole. Public, corporate, or multinational entities issue these bonds to fund sustainable economic activities with climatic, environmental, or other benefits.

How Green Bonds Work

Green bonds function similarly to conventional bonds: an investor lends money to an organization to finance a project, receiving the principal amount at the end of the loan along with interest payments (depending on the loan terms) throughout the loan. What sets green bonds apart from conventional bonds is the underlying project they back. Only environmentally friendly initiatives are financed by the green proceeds of a bond. Conversely, traditional bonds are issued to finance general projects, operating capital, or debt refinancing. Common projects financed by green bonds include:

Examples of Green Bonds

The World Bank regularly issues green bonds to support sustainable bond funds. By 2022, the bank’s bond sales totaled $40.8 billion, with cash disbursements of $28.2 billion and new credit commitments of $33.1 billion. From 2008 to 2020, the World Bank issued $14.4 billion in green bonds funds. Clean transportation received 27%, energy and efficiency 33%, and land use and agriculture 15%.

One project funded via an early green bond was the Northern Indian Rampur Hydropower Project, which aimed to provide low-carbon hydroelectric power for the region. This project generates over 2 MW of electricity and reduces carbon emissions by 1.4 million metric tons. Over five years, World Bank projects have reduced carbon emissions by 8.4 million tons. These accomplishments ofproceeds of a bond demonstrate how green bonds finance projects that promote environmental sustainability and social and economic growth.

The Rampur Hydropower Project exemplifies how green bonds can advance renewable energy infrastructure. Such projects support sustainable development and help mitigate climate change by adopting low-carbon technologies. The World Bank’s broad approach to environmental issues is evident in its funding of clean transportation, energy efficiency, and sustainable land use.

Advantages of Green Bonds

Green bonds have been gaining substantial popularity due to the growing trend of socially responsible investing. Unlike conventional bonds, green bonds funds attract investors more for their positive environmental impact than for improved risk and return possibilities.

Tax benefits are a major advantage of green bonds. Depending on the issuer and jurisdiction, investors may receive tax exemptions or credits. These incentives encourage investment in climate-friendly projects, which may include renewable energy, energy efficiency, or sustainable land use initiatives. Additionally, green bonds appeal to investors who want to support environmentally friendly projects while minimizing their tax liability. The rising demand for proceeds of a bond also indicates a market shift toward ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) investments.

Types of Green Bonds

All green bonds are designed to finance environmental projects, yet their characteristics vary depending on the issuer, how the proceeds are used, and bondholders’ recourse to the issuer’s assets in liquidation. The market offers these green bond funds :

“Use of Proceeds” Bonds

These bonds provide financing for green projects, but lenders can use the issuer’s other assets if it liquidates. The proceeds of a bond credit rating match the issuer’s other bonds. These securities may finance or refinance green projects, but the debt is secured by the issuer’s revenue sources, such as taxes or fees. State and municipal green bond issues commonly use this design.

Project Bonds

Green bond investors must use funds specifically for environmental projects that meet predetermined requirements. This ensures that the funds are allocated solely to ecological projects like renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable bond funds. By confining money to green initiatives, green bonds are transparent and accountable to investors. This focused approach promotes environmental sustainability and reassures investors that their money is being used to address climate and environmental issues.

Securitization Bondholders

Green bondholders can access a debt portfolio’s assets for several projects. Green bond proceeds are pooled and used for environmental projects. This diversifies risk among renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable bond funds land use programs. This technique enhances investment financial stability and ensures that funding is allocated to a variety of green initiatives.

Loans

Secured or unsecured loans can finance green initiatives. Secured loans reduce lender risk by using borrower collateral, such as property or equipment relevant to the green project. Unsecured loans allow lenders to seize the borrower’s assets if they default. This loan type is riskier for the lender but more flexible for the borrower. Both secured and unsecured sustainable bond funds are essential for ensuring environmental sustainability while offering lenders different risk and security levels.

Buying Green Bonds

Hedge funds, institutional investors, mutual funds, and endowments that may invest large sums in debt instruments are typical buyers of green bonds. Retail investors who want to align their portfolios with their environmental principles can find exposure to green bonds through various mutual funds and ETFs. The Green Bond ETF (BGRN) monitors an index of investment-grade environmental bonds through iShares USD. While the ETF solely tracks U.S. dollar-denominated debt, it includes bonds from both foreign issuers and U.S. borrowers.

ETFs like BGRN are easily accessible through sustainable bond funds accounts or online platforms, although ordinary investors buying green bonds face more challenges. Your broker may allow you to purchase individual bonds, but corporate green bonds may have minimum deposits, maintenance fees, and costs. Government-issued green bonds may be available from brokers or directly from the issuer.

Challenges

Purchasing green bonds can be challenging. Transparency and reporting demand precise information regarding revenue use and the environmental impact of funded projects.

The green bond funds market is still evolving, meaning some proceeds of a bond may have less liquidity than traditional ones, making it tougher to buy or sell at desired prices and timeframes. The green bond market lacks a universal standard, and nongovernmental norms are not regulated, which can lead to confusion for investors.